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Types of Evidence under BSA, 2023 The New Framework of Proof The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA), 2023 replaces the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. It broadens the scope of evidence to include digital footprints. Statements made by witnesses before the Court. All documents produced for the…

Stages of a Civil Suit Under CPC, 1908 A Practical Guide for Litigants The Code of Civil Procedure (CPC), 1908 governs civil disputes. Understanding the procedural hierarchy is key to securing relief. Below is the streamlined workflow. The machinery starts with filing the case and…

Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP) Under Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code, 2016 The CIRP is a creditor-in-control model designed to revive a distressed company ("Corporate Debtor"). It is not a recovery forum, but a resolution mechanism. Before filing any application, the "Default" amount must meet the…

Article 137: Remedies by way of review jurisdiction of Supreme Court u/r Art.137 of Constitution. The Power of Self-Correction Article 137 empowers the Supreme Court to review its own judgments. This is an exception to the principle of Functus Officio (once a judgment is delivered,…

Article 136: Remedies in th form of Special Leave Petition (SLP) u/r 136 of constitution. The "Plenary Power" of the Supreme Court Article 136 is not a regular appellate provision. It is a "Residuary Power" vested in the Supreme Court to grant special leave to…

Consumer Complaint Procedure (CPA, 2019) Summary Trial & Strict Timelines The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 is designed for swift justice. Unlike civil courts, it follows a summary procedure where "Natural Justice" is the guiding principle. Before filing, you must choose the correct commission based on…

Procedure for Recovery of Wages: Section 33-C(2) I.D. Act The "Execution Court" Procedure Section 33-C(2) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 is the statutory machinery for a "Workman" to recover money due from an employer. Unlike a regular suit, this is a proceeding to compute…

Procedure for Maintenance under Sec 144 BNSS (Formerly Section 125 CrPC) Section 144 BNSS (formerly Sec 125 CrPC) is a social welfare provision. To prevent delays, the Supreme Court in Rajnesh vs Neha and Aditi vs Jitesh has laid down strict procedural safeguards which are…

Stages of a Criminal Trial Under BNSS, 2023 A Practical Guide for Advocates & Litigants The implementation of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023 has restructured the criminal justice process in India. Understanding these stages is vital for effective legal representation. Below is a…